Background
Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), known as the “histone code”, are key mechanisms of epigenetics that modulate chromatin structures. The PTMs on histone including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and novel acylations directly affect the accessibility of chromatin to transcription factors and other epigenetic regulators, altering genome stability and gene transcription. Histone acetylation, tightly controlled by the opposing action of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), occurs primarily at lysine residues on the N-terminal tails of histones H2A (Lys5, 9, and 15), H2B (Lys5, 12, 15, 16, and 20), H3 (Lys4, 9, 14, 18, 23, 27, and 36), and H4 (Lys5, 8, 12, 16, and 20), and plays vital roles in the regulation of gene expression, DNA damage repair, chromatin dynamics, etc. Unlike most histone acetylation events, histone H3 lysine 56 acetylation (H3K56ac) is located at the entry–exit point of DNA on the nucleosome. H3K56ac has been implicated in chromatin remodeling and is recognized as an important epigenetic marker for studying genome stability.
Cellular location
Nucleus
